Cape Republic

-regained following French Wars > First French War (1792-1804)

-secures dismissal of governor janssens, who was more amenable to planter interests

-established many educational institutions, incl day and boarding school in kaapstad which eventually became a uni

-sent clergy from netherlands to cape colony, to make it adhere to dutch values

-established new taxes to finance indigent dutch women emigration to cape

-colonial charter of 1807 declares freedom of the womb from 1810 onwards, typically voided by backdating births

-in 1812 forcibly disarms settlers near xhosa areas, causes a rebellion which gets crushed

-ends up with defeated rebels planning and executing trek across gariep (fmr orange) river but with opposition power crushed

-robben island continues to serve as prison site for east indies prisoners

-new immigrants brought in, including many catholics, as settlers

-leaves in 1819, considers himself a success

-promoted the migration of dutch men without women, to promote intermarriage with khoisan women to create a superior race, creating bruin culture in west

-promoted settlement of dutch soldiers, without arms

-declared universal emancipation, immediate in nature, in 1837

-transgariep region declared its independence as old-style republic

-swiftly invaded by batavian forces

-subsequently new treks launched into transvaal region, where they established the transvaal republic over ndebele through firearm advantage

-established council of citizens in districts, liberal franchise, dominated by landdrosten but enough to express political disivions

-in uitenhage, electoral disputes caused string of catholic-protestant rioting, resulting in secret ballot being imposed

-excuse not to establish further representative institutions

-mass importation of prisoners from east indies, causing mass backlash at use of cape as dumping ground which quickly becomes vast

-turns into desire for representative government to make govt more responsible to people

-in 1858, new colonial charter issued, creating colonial council capable of issuing resolutions binding on executive government

-with broad franchise, justified in the name that it would prevent rebellions and civilize nonwhites

-four factions

-government faction supportive of commissioner general

-cape party in west in defence of liberal institutions

-protestant eastern party, who desired expansion and supported franchise for bruinen because most of them were protestants

-catholic eastern party, supportive of expansion, lily-white religiously equal franchise

-hyper-localized elections in 1858 election, gogel bribes most of the rest into submitting

-nevertheless, end of total commissioner general absolutism

-and much fewer prisoners moved to cape afterwords

-power tussles begin within council, gogel is able to outpace them

-due to east being divided by religion, western cape party is main opposition

1888 def. leaderless (Gubernatorial)

1891 def. Gerrit Stegenga (Gubernatorial)

-leader of Cape Reform bloc, advocating reform in Colonial Council for decades

-and becomes Interior Commissioner under new charter

-in power, fights against governor, who seeks to dominate commission

-also seeks to protect rights of enfranchized

-lowers property requirement in 1928, allowing more people to vote

-widely respected as envoy to xhosa states, where he negotiated transfer of coastal municipalities back to them and prevented auralia (Heads of Auralia) from intervening and killing this new order in its crib

-as well as cape representative to intl forum, where he negotiated end of jaffna crisis

-became agent of foreign affairs in 1943, in which he negotiated independence of free republic of goshen

-based on his wide popularity and reputation as a technocrat, elected by radical-liberals as leader, made by colonial council interior commissioner

-governed over increased independence of cape colony, making its flag despite opposition of dutch government and governor guillaume brand

-turned movement towards independence, and in 1948, cape colony becomes republic, after agitation with universal male and female suffrage

-khoikhoi reservations excepted

-faced with land reform movement

-attempted reform (sale of land for discounted prices) fails because prices still too high for farmers, forces them into high loans